Phdessay is a group of experienced scholarly experts who can help you with writting your essay ☝ We have more than free essay examples online for you StudyMoose™ is the largest knowledge base in with thousands of free essays online for college and high school Find free essays by subject topics Get fresh essay ideas and an A+ grade with our professional writers. Try FREE now! c. Press reports as a source of information on police brutality blogger.comtors and evidence regarding the extent and nature of police brutality in South Africa a. Statistical indicators relating to the use of force and unlawful violent actions by the police b. Some reported cases of alleged police brutality c
Fighting Police Abuse: A Community Action Manual | American Civil Liberties Union
While police brutality has a long history, dating back to the s, it has become a common topic of discussion and controversy in recent years due to a surge of racially driven incidents, protests, and demonstrations. While there are instances in which a police officer may need to use force to subdue an armed suspect or a suspect with a history of violence, the level of the encounter may be above what is needed to control the situation. When a police officer escalates an encounter with a level of force that is above what is necessary, it is police brutality.
An excessive use of force comes in many different forms including but not limited to beatings with batons, unnecessary use of tasers, firearms use, nerve gases, term papers on police brutality sprays, and improper or unsanctioned holds and takedowns. Some term papers on police brutality these measures, such as baton and taser use, are employed to control a violent situation but can end up causing serious injury and potentially death when used excessively.
Batons can fracture bones, damage internal organs, and injury a spinal cord. Tasers, while typically less damaging, can also cause serious injuries from falls after taser deployment and even heart attacks due to the electricity delivered to the suspect by the device. In accordance with The Fourth Amendmenta police officer must have probable cause to conduct a search of term papers on police brutality suspect or their property.
The Amendment states:. With this protection in place, citizens are shielded against arbitrary searches and seizures. Typically, a police officer must first secure a warrant by presenting a probable cause to a judge before enacting any searches. This type of warrant, when secured, allows a police officer to search specific locations or for specific items.
Term papers on police brutality are, however, situations in which a police officer is able to conduct a search without securing a warrant first.
Racial discrimination has been at the forefront of the police brutality discussion in recent years due to several high-profile incidents involving violence against people of color. Although police officers are tasked with protecting and serving all citizens regardless of race, racial biases have been at the core of many cases of police brutality.
To illustrate how prevalent racial discrimination is in law enforcement matters, data has been collected by Mapping Police Violence. Much like protection against wrongful search and seizure, the Fourth Amendment also protects against arrest and imprisonment without a warrant or probable cause. Arresting an individual without obtaining a warrant first term papers on police brutality detaining a person without any evidence can result in a situation of wrongful arrest.
These offenses can violate federal civil rights, state, and common laws. According to Cornell Law School, the explanation of probable cause and matters pertaining to it are as follows:. Courts usually find probable cause when there is a reasonable basis for believing that a crime may have been committed for an arrest or when evidence of the crime is present in the place to be searched for a search.
Under exigent circumstances, probable cause can also justify a warrantless search or seizure. Persons arrested without a warrant are required to be brought before a competent authority shortly after the arrest for a prompt judicial determination of probable cause.
Sexual harassment or abuse by a police officer against an individual term papers on police brutality custody is a form of police brutality. A common thread through these instances of police brutality is the power dynamic of an officer and a civilian. This struggle is summed up by a quote from Judge Matthew J.
Crehan, term papers on police brutality, a sentencing judge in Cincinnati who presided over a sexual abuse case involving a police officer:.
Crehan, sentencing judge. While there is no government-run database of sexual harassment and abuse by police officers, several organizations have compiled data on the extent and trends of the abuse throughout the years:. While the most apparent type of police brutality comes in the form of physical violence, there are five main forms of the offense:. The history of police brutality, which will be covered term papers on police brutality in this article, is well-rooted in race and aggression toward a primarily non-white segment of the population, term papers on police brutality.
There are, however, other elements to police brutality that play significant roles — the increased militarization of police organizations, institutional problems with training and culture, and the lack of accountability. After the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, military-grade equipment totaling billions of dollars was re-deployed in the United States. Vehicles capable of withstanding improvised-explosive-devices, grenade launchers, full-body protection, and a litany of term papers on police brutality pieces of equipment found their way into police institutions around the country.
A trio term papers on police brutality reporters from The Washington Post have studied the link between police brutality and the increased presence of military equipment. In piece from the newspaper as used by an article by The Atlanticthey reported on some of the findings:, term papers on police brutality.
With these new injections of military-grade equipment into the institutions, police officers have more force at their disposal than ever before. That alone may not spark instances of police brutality, but the issues combined with other factors can create an environment in which excessive force becomes more normalized.
One such issue is problems with police training and culture. The training of a police officer emphasizes the dangers of the position and, combined with the tendency for the job to put officers in the midst of harrowing situations, term papers on police brutality, these views are often reflected in their day-to-day. Hypervigilance becomes the ground state, and most situations — rather than a select few — are heightened to life-or-death matters.
This type of term papers on police brutality stress and heightened nerves becomes more dangerous and can elevate to instances of police brutality when another element of police training is factored in — firearms training. Observing changes in training hours from tothe report found an increase in firearms training and a decrease in criminal and constitutional law. The report states:. Decreases were observed for criminal and constitutional law from 64 hours to 53 hours and patrol procedures from 58 hours to 52 hours.
In the same report, it shows that an average of 43 hours is spent on community-policing training. This prioritization of firearms over other policing tactics combined with a heightened sense of danger and PTSD issues can all contribute to situations of police brutality, term papers on police brutality. There is no national system for reporting misconduct by police officers, term papers on police brutality, and that means there is no centralized collection of data on these incidences.
There are, however, reports and studies conducted by academics and journalists that provide a window into the issue of the lack of accountability in cases of police brutality. Philip M. Stinson, a law professor at Bowling Green State University, maintains the The Henry A.
Wallace Police Crime Database. This database is a valuable resource in examining the data behind police brutality and accountability. From tothe database shows 10, criminal arrest cases of 8, non-federal sworn law enforcement officers. However, in more recent data shared with FiveThirtyEight through MarchStinson reported only instances in which law enforcement officials were charged with murder or manslaughter for an on-duty shooting even though more than 1, individuals are killed by police officers every year according to data from The Washington Post.
Filtering down further, only 42 of those officers were convicted with many being lowered to lesser offenses50 were not convicted, and 18 of those cases are still pending. This set of statistics shows the difficulty not only in convicting a case of police brutality but even simply keeping track of them in the first place. When a police officer is brought to trial, studies have shown judges and juries are more likely to believe a police officer when they say they felt as though their life was threatened in cases of police brutality or murder.
Also, police departments often work closely with persecutorsterm papers on police brutality, introducing a conflict in pursuing convictions against what is essentially a coworker. How To File A Complaint Against A Police Officer.
Police brutality occurs for a number of different reasons, not the least of which is racial bias. There are, however, other facts that have been shown to contribute to police brutality and misconduct. Initially, police brutality was primarily inflicted on European immigrants in northern areas of the country that saw a need for a more organized form of authority.
As black individuals left the Jim Crow south for new lives, however, they too became targets of police brutality. As the years continued, black individuals in particular faced the brunt of police brutality. That year, President Hoover established the National Commission of Law Observance to track policing tactics and prohibition-related crime.
In reports published by the commission 14 volumes of datathe depth and proliferation of police brutality was exposed. Specific tactics included protracted questioning, threats and methods of intimidation, term papers on police brutality, physical brutality, illegal detention, and refusal to allow access of counsel to suspects.
The report declared unequivocally that the third degree is a secret and illegal practice. Photos and videos vividly captured police brutality during the Civil Rights era of the s.
Although police brutality has been covered by the media for more than a century, the coverage has expanded and changed with the times. Social media has also made it possible for accounts of police brutality to be spread to millions of people faster than ever before.
Police officers, too, are outfitted with more technology than in the past, term papers on police brutality. Dashcams on cruisers, bodycams on officers themselves, and widespread surveillance cameras in public areas all have contributed to the public-at-large having direct access to situations of police brutality and misconduct. This near-instant access to police brutality is a far cry from how media has sometimes covered the issue in the past. The Kerner Commissionput in place by President Lyndon Johnson in to term papers on police brutality the root cause of the race riots in Detroit, did its job — it identified white racism as the driving cause — but the media coverage was still sometimes skewed.
Without a direct account of the brutality that took place and, of course, due to race-fueled cultural norms the media often portrayed the police violence and misconduct as a Black problem — not one that was driven by racial discrimination and cultural issues of police organizations.
Now, however, camera lens being virtually everywhere allow for instances of police brutality to be displayed in stark reality. There may not necessarily be a massive increase of police misconduct now, but the public is able to see much more of what does occur.
In recent years, many high-profile cases of police brutality have been captured in firsthand accounts and have gone on to be spark points for protests, riots, and the call for justice. On March 3,Rodney King was beaten by a group of officers after leading police on a high-speed vehicle chase in Los Angeles.
The beating was videotaped by a bystander and became a national sensation, showing — possibly for the first time — police brutality to the public. Despite video and physical evidence of excessive force, a jury acquitted three of the officers and could not decide on a verdict for the fourth, term papers on police brutality. The verdicts prompted the LA Riots of On May 25,police were called to a Cup Foods in Minneapolis, Minnesota, on a report of a man George Floyd using counterfeit bills to buy cigarettes.
Three police officers responded to the scene and attempted to get Floyd into the back of a police car. Once Floyd was put into an ambulance in an unresponsive statehe was pronounced dead an hour later at a hospital. The offices involved are facing various charges but have not been tried as of this writing. On September 23,term papers on police brutality, Breonna Taylor was murdered in her apartment in Louisville, term papers on police brutality, Kentucky, after three plainclothes police officers forced their way in while executing a search warrant.
Taylor died in the hallway of her apartment, term papers on police brutality. Father and son P. Jayaraj and J. Bennicks were taken into custody by Punjabi police on June 19, where they were sexually assaulted and tortured, eventually leading to their deaths.
InLuciano Arrugaa year-old boy, went missing after being brought to a police station for allegedly having stolen three cellphones. The case is seen as a clear representation of enforced disappearance by police in post-dictatorship countries. Ina Toronto police officer beat Dafonte Millera year-old Black male, term papers on police brutality, with a pipe. The officer was found guilty of assault and was sentenced to nine months in prison with 12 months of probation.
With more people able to witness acts of police brutality almost firsthand through various means of technology, the treatment of people of color has been at the forefront of American discourse in recent years but, of course, has been a national issue for decades. The Black Lives Matter movement was formed after the acquittal of George Zimmermanthe man who shot and killed Trayvon Martin.
Research Paper Social Problem: Police Brutality
, time: 30:24Free Essay Samples, Examples & Research Papers for College Students - StudyMoose
Goff, Glaser and colleagues reviewed data from 12 police departments and found that black residents were more often subjected to police force than white residents, even after adjusting for whether the person had been arrested for violent crimes (Center for Policing Equity, ) Phdessay is a group of experienced scholarly experts who can help you with writting your essay ☝ We have more than free essay examples online for you StudyMoose™ is the largest knowledge base in with thousands of free essays online for college and high school Find free essays by subject topics Get fresh essay ideas and an A+ grade with our professional writers. Try FREE now!
No comments:
Post a Comment